For the first time, I was selected into the weekly creation list. Take a picture and read it!
As a middle-aged amateur player born in 74, he entered the CSDN week creation list for the first time and happened to be the 74th. It's really a little happy. Let me get drunk. Is this Versailles?
Well, back to business. First of all, have you ever used LOGO language on bully learning machine? The little overlord learning machine is endorsed by Jackie Chan. The friends who have used it are not young, are they? You can change programs with a variety of cards, including learning and games. Vaguely remember that there is a "turtle drawing" program. In fact, it is a LOGO language, or a subset.
Introduction to LOGO language
In the 1960s, Seymour Abbott of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of Massachusetts Institute of technology designed a computer language called LOGO for children. It is a structured programming language that is easy to learn, understand and master. The starting point is to visualize the originally boring programming, hoping that students will not mechanically remember facts, After mastering a few original LOGO commands, students can learn in discovery and exploration, learn to write programs by manipulating turtles on the screen, and emphasize creative exploration, which can give students rigorous computational thinking and interesting learning experience. It has three functions: one is the editing function, which can edit commands and processes, so that students can understand how adults do text editing; The second is to drive the turtle mobile industry to draw various graphics, that is, the turtle mapping function; The third is the function of word table processing and numerical processing.
LOGO language is a structured programming language. It is interactive and provides a good programming environment for people; It is modular and convenient for program modification and expansion; It is procedural, including important concepts such as procedure, parameter and variable, and allows recursive call; It has rich data structure types; It has vivid graphics processing function. It not only has a variety of excellent programming languages, but also can master the basic drawing instructions of LOGO. It is not difficult for senior students to learn LOGO programming—— From Baidu Encyclopedia
Now python's turtle library has revived it. python version 2.6 has introduced the turtle library, which can also map turtles!
turtle library function
>>> import turtle as t >>> t.__all__ ['ScrolledCanvas', 'TurtleScreen', 'Screen', 'RawTurtle', 'Turtle', 'RawPen', 'Pen', 'Shape', 'Vec2D', 'addshape', 'bgcolor', 'bgpic', 'bye', 'clearscreen', 'colormode', 'delay', 'exitonclick', 'getcanvas', 'getshapes', 'listen', 'mainloop', 'mode', 'numinput', 'onkey', 'onkeypress', 'onkeyrelease', 'onscreenclick', 'ontimer', 'register_shape', 'resetscreen', 'screensize', 'setup', 'setworldcoordinates', 'textinput', 'title', 'tracer', 'turtles', 'update', 'window_height', 'window_width', 'back', 'backward', 'begin_fill', 'begin_poly', 'bk', 'circle', 'clear', 'clearstamp', 'clearstamps', 'clone', 'color', 'degrees', 'distance', 'dot', 'down', 'end_fill', 'end_poly', 'fd', 'fillcolor', 'filling', 'forward', 'get_poly', 'getpen', 'getscreen', 'get_shapepoly', 'getturtle', 'goto', 'heading', 'hideturtle', 'home', 'ht', 'isdown', 'isvisible', 'left', 'lt', 'onclick', 'ondrag', 'onrelease', 'pd', 'pen', 'pencolor', 'pendown', 'pensize', 'penup', 'pos', 'position', 'pu', 'radians', 'right', 'reset', 'resizemode', 'rt', 'seth', 'setheading', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'settiltangle', 'setundobuffer', 'setx', 'sety', 'shape', 'shapesize', 'shapetransform', 'shearfactor', 'showturtle', 'speed', 'st', 'stamp', 'tilt', 'tiltangle', 'towards', 'turtlesize', 'undo', 'undobufferentries', 'up', 'width', 'write', 'xcor', 'ycor', 'write_docstringdict', 'done', 'Terminator'] >>>
Let's pick some common memories of "childhood":
| command | explain |
| .forward() | fd( ) | Moves the distance pixel length in the direction of the current brush |
| .backward() | bd( ) | back( ) | Moves the distance pixel length in the opposite direction of the current brush |
| .right() | rt() | Move degree ° clockwise |
| .left() | lt() | Move degree ° counterclockwise |
| .pendown() | Draw graphics when moving, and also draw by default |
| .penup() | Do not draw graphics when moving. Lift the pen for drawing in another place |
| .pensize(width) | Width when drawing |
| .pencolor() | stroke color |
| .fillcolor() | Fill color of the drawing fillcolor(colorstring) |
| .color() | Set pencolor = Color1 and fillcolor = color2 at the same time |
| .filling() | Returns whether it is currently filled |
| .begin_fill() | Ready to start filling the drawing |
| .end_fill() | Filling complete |
| .setheading() | seth() | Sets the current orientation to an angle |
| .position() | pos() | Returns the turtle's current position (x,y) |
| .goto(x,y) | setpos() | setposion() | Move the brush to a position with coordinates x,y |
| .setx(),.sety() | Move the current x-axis and y-axis to the specified position |
| .xcor(),.ycor() | Returns the x and y coordinates of the brush |
| .degrees() | Set the angle to the unit of measure, degrees(fullcircle=360.0) |
| .radians() | Set radians as angular units of measure, equivalent to degrees(2*math.pi) |
| .home() | Set the current brush position as the origin, facing east |
| .speed(speed) | Speed of brush drawing, speed range 0 ~ 10 |
| .circle() | Draw a circle with a positive (negative) radius, indicating that the center of the circle draws a circle on the left (right) of the brush |
| .dot() | Draws dots dot(size=None, *color) of a given diameter with a given color |
| .hide() | Hide arrow display |
| .show() | Corresponds to the hideturttle() function |
| .clear() | Clear the turtle window, but the position and status of the turtle will not change |
| .reset() | Clear the window and reset the turtle state to the initial state |
| .undo() | Undo (repeat) the last action. The number of undo operations is determined by the size of the cancel buffer |
| .isvisible() | Returns whether the current turtle is visible |
| .stamp() | Copy a copy of the tortoise shape on the current canvas and return stamp_id |
| .clearstamp(stampid) | Delete the given stamp_ Tag corresponding to ID |
| .clearstamps(n=None) | Delete all or the front / rear n of the mark |
Window start
>>> import turtle as t >>> t.Turtle() <turtle.Turtle object at 0x03D3D208> >>>
Executing Turtle() will launch a graphics window as follows:
The arrow position is the coordinate origin (0,0) on the canvas. Like the Cartesian coordinate system, the points of coordinates (x,y): X positive points are on the right side of the origin, and negative points are on the left; Y positive points are above the origin and negative points are below.
So where are the turtles?
Well, let the turtle come out and climb:
>>> import turtle as t >>> Shape = 'arrow', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic','turtle' >>> for s in Shape: t.penup() t.forward(30) t.pendown() t.shape(s) stampid = t.stamp() >>>
turtle.shape() is used to control the shape of the brush. There are six shapes, and the default is' classic '. Just use turtle.shape('turtle ') to summon turtles.
Preliminary attempt to draw
Draw a square
>>> import turtle as t >>> t.Turtle() >>> for i in range(4): t.forward(100) t.left(90)
Brush movement speed
Turbine.speed (speed) is used to control the speed of drawing. The speed range is 0 ~ 10, set to 1 ~ 10, and the speed is accelerated in turn, but speed=0 is the fastest. It can also be represented by the specified string: 'fast' = = 0; ' fast' == 10; ' normal' == 6; 'slow' == 3; ' slowest' == 1.
It takes 1 minute to draw the following figure:
>>> import turtle,time
>>> t = time.time()
>>> turtle.Turtle()
>>> for i in range(100):
turtle.pencolor(ls[i%10])
turtle.fd(i*5)
turtle.lt(90)
if i==99: print(time.time()-t)
61.13451147079468It takes about 35 seconds to set the fastest speed, turbine.speed (0); It takes about 180 seconds to set the slowest speed, turtle.speed(1). It's turtle speed. Isn't there a way to speed up the completion?
Instant completion!
You can use tracer(False) to turn off the brush trace switch, and even complex graphics can be almost "painted in seconds":
It's still the figure above. It only takes 5 seconds to turn it off:
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.tracer(False)
>>> t = time.time()
>>> for i in range(100):
turtle.pencolor(ls[i%10])
turtle.fd(i*5)
turtle.lt(90)
if i==99: print(time.time()-t)
5.0890655517578125
>>> If you don't turn off the trace switch, draw the following graphics so that you don't want to see the results:
More drawing cases can be searched on the Internet to imitate and learn, but they are not the focus of this article. The following code of the watch was selected and partially modified here for demonstration:
Turtle Watch
from turtle import *
from datetime import *
def Init():
global Watch, Second, Minute, Hour
mode("logo")
Create("Second", 135)
Create("Minute", 125)
Create("Hour", 90)
Second = Turtle()
Second.shape("Second")
Minute = Turtle()
Minute.shape("Minute")
Hour = Turtle()
Hour.shape("Hour")
for hand in Second, Minute, Hour:
hand.shapesize(1, 1, 3)
hand.speed(0)
Watch = Turtle()
Watch.hideturtle()
Watch.penup()
def Skip(step):
penup()
forward(step)
pendown()
def Create(name, length):
reset()
Skip(-length * 0.1)
begin_poly()
forward(length * 1.1)
end_poly()
handForm = get_poly()
register_shape(name, handForm)
def Write(msg,obj=None):
if obj=='Watch':
Watch.write(msg, align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
else:
write(msg, align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
def SetupClock(radius):
reset()
pensize(7)
for i in range(60):
Skip(radius)
if i % 5==0:
forward(12)
penup()
if i==0:
bk(45); Write(12); fd(45)
elif i==30:
bk(20); Write(6); fd(20)
elif i==15 or i==45:
bk(30); rt(90)
bk(12 if i==45 else -12)
Write(i//5)
fd(12 if i==45 else -12)
lt(90); fd(30)
pendown()
Skip(-radius - 12)
else:
dot(5)
Skip(-radius)
right(6)
home()
penup()
forward(55)
Write('Turtle Watch')
forward(40)
shape('turtle')
def Week(t):
week = ["one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "day"]
return 'week'+week[t.weekday()]
def Date(t):
return "%s-%.2d-%.2d"%(t.year,t.month,t.day)
def Tick():
t = datetime.today()
second = t.second + t.microsecond * 0.000001
minute = t.minute + second / 60.0
hour = t.hour + minute / 60.0
Second.seth(6 * second)
Minute.seth(6 * minute)
Hour.seth(30 * hour)
tracer(False)
Watch.back(100)
Write(Week(t), 'Watch')
Watch.forward(30)
Write(Date(t), 'Watch')
Watch.home()
tracer(True)
ontimer(Tick, 100)
def main():
tracer(False)
setup(410,400)
bgcolor('lightgray')
title("Turtle Watch")
Init()
SetupClock(160)
tracer(True)
Tick()
done()
if __name__=="__main__":
main()
Some original help
There are too many functions. You can refer to the original help. There are more than 8000 lines of help(turtle), and the following are some of them:
>>> import turtle as t
>>> help(t.Pen)
Help on class Turtle in module turtle:
class Turtle(RawTurtle)
| Turtle(shape='classic', undobuffersize=1000, visible=True)
|
| RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas.
|
| When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some
| Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created.
|
| Method resolution order:
| Turtle
| RawTurtle
| TPen
| TNavigator
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, shape='classic', undobuffersize=1000, visible=True)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from RawTurtle:
|
| begin_fill(self)
| Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.color("black", "red")
| >>> turtle.begin_fill()
| >>> turtle.circle(60)
| >>> turtle.end_fill()
|
| begin_poly(self)
| Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
|
| No argument.
|
| Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
| is first point of polygon.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.begin_poly()
|
| clear(self)
| Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
|
| No arguments.
|
| Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
| State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
| turtles are not affected.
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.clear()
|
| clearstamp(self, stampid)
| Delete stamp with given stampid
|
| Argument:
| stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.color("blue")
| >>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
| >>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
|
| clearstamps(self, n=None)
| Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps.
|
| Optional argument:
| n -- an integer
|
| If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps,
| else if n > 0 delete first n stamps
| else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> for i in range(8):
| ... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
| ...
| >>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
| >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
| >>> turtle.clearstamps()
|
| clone(self)
| Create and return a clone of the turtle.
|
| No argument.
|
| Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
| and turtle properties.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
| mick = Turtle()
| joe = mick.clone()
|
| dot(self, size=None, *color)
| Draw a dot with diameter size, using color.
|
| Optional arguments:
| size -- an integer >= 1 (if given)
| color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple
|
| Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color.
| If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.dot()
| >>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
|
| end_fill(self)
| Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.color("black", "red")
| >>> turtle.begin_fill()
| >>> turtle.circle(60)
| >>> turtle.end_fill()
|
| end_poly(self)
| Stop recording the vertices of a polygon.
|
| No argument.
|
| Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is
| last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.end_poly()
|
| filling(self)
| Return fillstate (True if filling, False else).
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.begin_fill()
| >>> if turtle.filling():
| ... turtle.pensize(5)
| ... else:
| ... turtle.pensize(3)
|
| get_poly(self)
| Return the lastly recorded polygon.
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> p = turtle.get_poly()
| >>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
|
| get_shapepoly(self)
| Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs.
|
| No argument.
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("square")
| >>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2)
| >>> turtle.get_shapepoly()
| ((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20))
|
| getpen = getturtle(self)
|
| getscreen(self)
| Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
|
| No argument.
|
| Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
| So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
| >>> ts
| <turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770>
| >>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
|
| getturtle(self)
| Return the Turtleobject itself.
|
| No argument.
|
| Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
|
| Example:
| >>> pet = getturtle()
| >>> pet.fd(50)
| >>> pet
| <turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
| >>> turtles()
| [<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
|
| onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
| Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas.
|
| Arguments:
| fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
| the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
| btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
| add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise
| it will replace a former binding.
|
| Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way:
|
| >>> def turn(x, y):
| ... left(360)
| ...
| >>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
| >>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
|
| ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
| Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas.
|
| Arguments:
| fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
| the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
| btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
|
| Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
| mouse-click event on that turtle.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
|
| Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it
| across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is
| down).
|
| onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
| Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas.
|
| Arguments:
| fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
| the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
| btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
|
| Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe):
| >>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
| ... def glow(self,x,y):
| ... self.fillcolor("red")
| ... def unglow(self,x,y):
| ... self.fillcolor("")
| ...
| >>> joe = MyTurtle()
| >>> joe.onclick(joe.glow)
| >>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow)
|
| Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to
| transparent.
|
| reset(self)
| Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
|
| No argument.
|
| Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
| and set variables to the default values.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00,-22.00)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 100.0
| >>> turtle.reset()
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00,0.00)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 0.0
|
| settiltangle(self, angle)
| Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction
|
| Argument: angle -- number
|
| Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
| regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
| heading (direction of movement).
|
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("circle")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
| >>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
| >>> stamp()
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
| >>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
| >>> stamp()
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
|
| setundobuffer(self, size)
| Set or disable undobuffer.
|
| Argument:
| size -- an integer or None
|
| If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
| Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
| by the undo() function.
| If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
|
| shape(self, name=None)
| Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
|
| Optional argument:
| name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
|
| Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
| return name of current shape.
| Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
| Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
| 'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
| To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape()
| 'arrow'
| >>> turtle.shape("turtle")
| >>> turtle.shape()
| 'turtle'
|
| shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
| Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
|
| Optional arguments:
| stretch_wid : positive number
| stretch_len : positive number
| outline : positive number
|
| Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
| Set resizemode to "user".
| If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
| stretched according to its stretchfactors:
| stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
| stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
| outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.resizemode("user")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
| >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
|
| shapetransform(self, t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None)
| Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape.
|
| Optional arguments: t11, t12, t21, t22 -- numbers.
|
| If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation
| matrix.
| Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape
| according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and
| second row t21, 22.
| Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the
| given matrix.
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("square")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(4,2)
| >>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5)
| >>> turtle.shapetransform()
| (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)
|
| shearfactor(self, shear=None)
| Set or return the current shearfactor.
|
| Optional argument: shear -- number, tangent of the shear angle
|
| Shear the turtleshape according to the given shearfactor shear,
| which is the tangent of the shear angle. DO NOT change the
| turtle's heading (direction of movement).
| If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the
| tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the
| heading of the turtle are sheared.
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("circle")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
| >>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5)
| >>> turtle.shearfactor()
| >>> 0.5
|
| stamp(self)
| Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id.
|
| No argument.
|
| Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current
| turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be
| used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id).
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.color("blue")
| >>> turtle.stamp()
| 13
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
|
| tilt(self, angle)
| Rotate the turtleshape by angle.
|
| Argument:
| angle - a number
|
| Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle,
| but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("circle")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
| >>> turtle.tilt(30)
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
| >>> turtle.tilt(30)
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
|
| tiltangle(self, angle=None)
| Set or return the current tilt-angle.
|
| Optional argument: angle -- number
|
| Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
| regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
| heading (direction of movement).
| If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle
| between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the
| turtle (its direction of movement).
|
| Deprecated since Python 3.1
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("circle")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
| >>> turtle.tilt(45)
| >>> turtle.tiltangle()
|
| turtlesize = shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
|
| undo(self)
| undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
|
| No argument.
|
| undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
| Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of
| the undobuffer.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> for i in range(4):
| ... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
| ...
| >>> for i in range(8):
| ... turtle.undo()
| ...
|
| undobufferentries(self)
| Return count of entries in the undobuffer.
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> while undobufferentries():
| ... undo()
|
| write(self, arg, move=False, align='left', font=('Arial', 8, 'normal'))
| Write text at the current turtle position.
|
| Arguments:
| arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen
| move (optional) -- True/False
| align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right"
| font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)
|
| Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current
| turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right")
| and with the given font.
| If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
| of the text. By default, move is False.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center")
| >>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes inherited from RawTurtle:
|
| screens = []
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from TPen:
|
| color(self, *args)
| Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor.
|
| Arguments:
| Several input formats are allowed.
| They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows:
|
| color()
| Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor
| as a pair of color specification strings as are returned
| by pencolor and fillcolor.
| color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b)
| inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor,
| to the given value.
| color(colorstring1, colorstring2),
| color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))
| equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2)
| and analogously, if the other input format is used.
|
| If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon
| is drawn with the newly set colors.
| For more info see: pencolor, fillcolor
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.color('red', 'green')
| >>> turtle.color()
| ('red', 'green')
| >>> colormode(255)
| >>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))
| >>> color()
| ('#285078', '#a0c8f0')
|
| down = pendown(self)
|
| fillcolor(self, *args)
| Return or set the fillcolor.
|
| Arguments:
| Four input formats are allowed:
| - fillcolor()
| Return the current fillcolor as color specification string,
| possibly in hex-number format (see example).
| May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
| - fillcolor(colorstring)
| s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
| - fillcolor((r, g, b))
| *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
| and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
| where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
| - fillcolor(r, g, b)
| r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
| are in the range 0..colormode
|
| If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
| with the newly set fillcolor.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.fillcolor('violet')
| >>> col = turtle.pencolor()
| >>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
| >>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0)
|
| hideturtle(self)
| Makes the turtle invisible.
|
| Aliases: hideturtle | ht
|
| No argument.
|
| It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
| middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
| the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.hideturtle()
|
| ht = hideturtle(self)
|
| isdown(self)
| Return True if pen is down, False if it's up.
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.penup()
| >>> turtle.isdown()
| False
| >>> turtle.pendown()
| >>> turtle.isdown()
| True
|
| isvisible(self)
| Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden.
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.hideturtle()
| >>> print turtle.isvisible():
| False
|
| pd = pendown(self)
|
| pen(self, pen=None, **pendict)
| Return or set the pen's attributes.
|
| Arguments:
| pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys.
| **pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below
| listed keys as keywords.
|
| Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary'
| with the following key/value pairs:
| "shown" : True/False
| "pendown" : True/False
| "pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple
| "fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple
| "pensize" : positive number
| "speed" : number in range 0..10
| "resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize"
| "stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)
| "shearfactor": number
| "outline" : positive number
| "tilt" : number
|
| This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent
| pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one
| or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments.
| This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.
|
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
| >>> turtle.pen()
| {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
| 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black',
| 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
| >>> penstate=turtle.pen()
| >>> turtle.color("yellow","")
| >>> turtle.penup()
| >>> turtle.pen()
| {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
| 'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '',
| 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
| >>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
| >>> p.pen()
| {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
| 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green',
| 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
|
| pencolor(self, *args)
| Return or set the pencolor.
|
| Arguments:
| Four input formats are allowed:
| - pencolor()
| Return the current pencolor as color specification string,
| possibly in hex-number format (see example).
| May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
| - pencolor(colorstring)
| s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
| - pencolor((r, g, b))
| *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
| and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
| where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
| - pencolor(r, g, b)
| r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
| are in the range 0..colormode
|
| If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn
| with the newly set pencolor.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pencolor('brown')
| >>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
| >>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
| >>> turtle.pencolor()
| '#33cc8c'
|
| pendown(self)
| Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
|
| Aliases: pendown | pd | down
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pendown()
|
| pensize(self, width=None)
| Set or return the line thickness.
|
| Aliases: pensize | width
|
| Argument:
| width -- positive number
|
| Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
| to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
| the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
| is returned.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pensize()
| 1
| >>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
|
| penup(self)
| Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
|
| Aliases: penup | pu | up
|
| No argument
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.penup()
|
| pu = penup(self)
|
| resizemode(self, rmode=None)
| Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize".
|
| (Optional) Argument:
| rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"
|
| Different resizemodes have the following effects:
| - "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle
| corresponding to the value of pensize.
| - "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the
| values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline),
| which are set by shapesize()
| - "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.
| If no argument is given, return current resizemode.
| resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments.
|
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.resizemode("noresize")
| >>> turtle.resizemode()
| 'noresize'
|
| showturtle(self)
| Makes the turtle visible.
|
| Aliases: showturtle | st
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.hideturtle()
| >>> turtle.showturtle()
|
| speed(self, speed=None)
| Return or set the turtle's speed.
|
| Optional argument:
| speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
|
| Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10.
| If no argument is given: return current speed.
|
| If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5,
| speed is set to 0.
| Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way:
| 'fastest' : 0
| 'fast' : 10
| 'normal' : 6
| 'slow' : 3
| 'slowest' : 1
| speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of
| line drawing and turtle turning.
|
| Attention:
| speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump
| and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.speed(3)
|
| st = showturtle(self)
|
| up = penup(self)
|
| width = pensize(self, width=None)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from TPen:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from TNavigator:
|
| back(self, distance)
| Move the turtle backward by distance.
|
| Aliases: back | backward | bk
|
| Argument:
| distance -- a number
|
| Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
| turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00, 0.00)
| >>> turtle.backward(30)
| >>> turtle.position()
| (-30.00, 0.00)
|
| backward = back(self, distance)
|
| bk = back(self, distance)
|
| circle(self, radius, extent=None, steps=None)
| Draw a circle with given radius.
|
| Arguments:
| radius -- a number
| extent (optional) -- a number
| steps (optional) -- an integer
|
| Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left
| of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the
| circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle.
| If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
| current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction
| if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally
| the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.
|
| As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon,
| steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given,
| it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular
| polygons.
|
| call: circle(radius) # full circle
| --or: circle(radius, extent) # arc
| --or: circle(radius, extent, steps)
| --or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.circle(50)
| >>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle
|
| degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0)
| Set angle measurement units to degrees.
|
| Optional argument:
| fullcircle - a number
|
| Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number
| of 'degrees' for a full circle. Default value is
| 360 degrees.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.left(90)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 90
|
| Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
| grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
| >>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 100
|
| distance(self, x, y=None)
| Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units.
|
| Arguments:
| x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
| y -- a number None None
|
| call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
| --or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
| --or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
| --or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (0.00, 0.00)
| >>> turtle.distance(30,40)
| 50.0
| >>> pen = Turtle()
| >>> pen.forward(77)
| >>> turtle.distance(pen)
| 77.0
|
| fd = forward(self, distance)
|
| forward(self, distance)
| Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
|
| Aliases: forward | fd
|
| Argument:
| distance -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
| the turtle is headed.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00, 0.00)
| >>> turtle.forward(25)
| >>> turtle.position()
| (25.00,0.00)
| >>> turtle.forward(-75)
| >>> turtle.position()
| (-50.00,0.00)
|
| goto(self, x, y=None)
| Move turtle to an absolute position.
|
| Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
|
| Arguments:
| x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
| y -- a number None
|
| call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
| --or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
| --or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
|
| Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
| a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> tp = turtle.pos()
| >>> tp
| (0.00, 0.00)
| >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (60.00,30.00)
| >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (20.00,80.00)
| >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (0.00,0.00)
|
| heading(self)
| Return the turtle's current heading.
|
| No arguments.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.left(67)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 67.0
|
| home(self)
| Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0).
|
| No arguments.
|
| Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its
| heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode).
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.home()
|
| left(self, angle)
| Turn turtle left by angle units.
|
| Aliases: left | lt
|
| Argument:
| angle -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
| but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
| Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 22.0
| >>> turtle.left(45)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 67.0
|
| lt = left(self, angle)
|
| pos(self)
| Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
|
| Aliases: pos | position
|
| No arguments.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (0.00, 240.00)
|
| position = pos(self)
|
| radians(self)
| Set the angle measurement units to radians.
|
| No arguments.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 90
| >>> turtle.radians()
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 1.5707963267948966
|
| right(self, angle)
| Turn turtle right by angle units.
|
| Aliases: right | rt
|
| Argument:
| angle -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
| but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
| Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 22.0
| >>> turtle.right(45)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 337.0
|
| rt = right(self, angle)
|
| seth = setheading(self, to_angle)
|
| setheading(self, to_angle)
| Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
|
| Aliases: setheading | seth
|
| Argument:
| to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
| Here are some common directions in degrees:
|
| standard - mode: logo-mode:
| -------------------|--------------------
| 0 - east 0 - north
| 90 - north 90 - east
| 180 - west 180 - south
| 270 - south 270 - west
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.setheading(90)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 90
|
| setpos = goto(self, x, y=None)
|
| setposition = goto(self, x, y=None)
|
| setx(self, x)
| Set the turtle's first coordinate to x
|
| Argument:
| x -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate
| unchanged.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00, 240.00)
| >>> turtle.setx(10)
| >>> turtle.position()
| (10.00, 240.00)
|
| sety(self, y)
| Set the turtle's second coordinate to y
|
| Argument:
| y -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains
| unchanged.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00, 40.00)
| >>> turtle.sety(-10)
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00, -10.00)
|
| towards(self, x, y=None)
| Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y).
|
| Arguments:
| x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
| y -- a number None None
|
| call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
| --or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
| --or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
| --or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
|
| Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position
| specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on
| modes - "standard" or "logo")
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (10.00, 10.00)
| >>> turtle.towards(0,0)
| 225.0
|
| xcor(self)
| Return the turtle's x coordinate.
|
| No arguments.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> reset()
| >>> turtle.left(60)
| >>> turtle.forward(100)
| >>> print turtle.xcor()
| 50.0
|
| ycor(self)
| Return the turtle's y coordinate
| ---
| No arguments.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> reset()
| >>> turtle.left(60)
| >>> turtle.forward(100)
| >>> print turtle.ycor()
| 86.6025403784
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes inherited from TNavigator:
|
| DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0
|
| DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1
|
| DEFAULT_MODE = 'standard'
|
| START_ORIENTATION = {'logo': (0.00,1.00), 'standard': (1.00,0.00), 'wo...
>>> turtle.done();turtle.bye()!!!